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A Bedford Road Bible Study

Idolatry: Worship Gone Wrong

This weekly Bible study (Wednesdays, 7-8pm) is focused on developing a Biblical theology of idolatry. Why would we want to study something like idolatry? Because it is a common human problem - more common than we like to admit. Human beings have an innate desire to worship something, and as a result, we are always hunting for a locus - a center, a symbol, an image - that we can focus on. By exploring the Scriptures, we can identify the dangers of idolatry and find a path to avoid this sin and its inevitable results. We can instead find true worship.

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Video Archive

This study has come to an end. We hope you enjoyed it if you participated. If you'd like to journey with us, the videos belong are all five sessions.

Session 1

Session 2

Session 3

Session 4

Session 5

Answering Questions that Come Up During the Study

Jews and Pagan Sacrifice Is There A Principle in 1 Cor 8, 10? Is Dagon the Source of Mermaids? Are People in Other Religions Praying to the Right God? How Do the Witnesses Deal with Colossians 1?
Jews and Pagan Sacrifice

A good question came up in discussion last night (1/27) about whether the Jews had the same issues with meat offered to idols that Christians did (1 Cor 8, 10).

As I noted last night, when we look back at Judaism in the Roman world, it is important to understand there was not a single Judaism but rather multiple Judaisms. The issue of dealing with meat offered to idols would not have been a problem for the Jews of Syria and the Levant, since their culture was pervasive there. It appears also that the majority of converts to Christianity in that region were Jews.

The Greek-speaking Jews living outside of Palestine were largely professionals, working as soldiers, scribes and merchants throughout the Empire. They were largely protected during the first century AD by a series of laws passed by Julius Caesar when he was consul. They were exempt from many taxes and allowed to operate under their own laws, and the Jewish community in Rome itself wielded impressive sway over the Roman Senate when they wished.

In Paul’s time, Jews therefore would have been able to keep their own kosher butchers - separate from the temple-sponsored slaughterhouses that Paul had to address in 1 Corinthians. Since the Christians were seen as heretics by most Jewish communities and since most of the Christians in Corinth were Gentiles, the services of these kosher markets would not have been available to the Christians.

It seems unlikely then that Jews had to deal with the conflict of interests that the Christians had in procuring meat. Remember also, however, that in a culture like the Roman world the class stratification was extreme. It is likely that most people of the lower classes (and Christianity was largely a religion of the lower classes at the time) would not have eaten meat very often. Therefore, this discussion may have something to do with the influential rich members of the Corinthian congregation who were throwing parties for their peers in the place of the Lord’s table (see 1 Corinthians 11).

Is There A Principle in 1 Cor 8, 10?

Another question that came up was how far we could extend the principles of eating meat offered to idols (1 Cor 8, 10). Does that principle extend to other activities? In the past, conservative Christian movements have lumped many activities (playing cards, going to movie theaters, smoking tobacco, etc.) in the same category.

Interpreting Paul’s statements like this is always an interesting situation. Although there are many ways to view his statements, the best is to consider whether the text is descriptive or prescriptive.

  • A descriptive admonition provides a principle that can be applied in multiple situations. For example, the statement about women praying with their heads covered (1 Cor 11:2–7). This text is really not about head-covering but about love and respect for God and one another.
  • A prescriptive admonition is generally provided in a list, detailing a series of activities (2 Tim 3:2–7 is a good example).

The issues in 1–2 Corinthians are generally descriptive. They detail activities particular to their cultural situation that provide principles for the church at large, regardless of the age or culture. The overarching point of 1–2 Corinthians is about love and consideration for your brothers and sisters in Christ, and the discussion of meat offered to idols is a part of that conversation.

When we are looking at matters in our culture that might be associated with our own brands of idolatry, the question then becomes whether our use of those things or being identified with those things are detrimental to the growth of our brothers and sisters in Christ. Paul’s admonition “I became all things to all people, that by all means I might save some” (1 Cor 9:22) is not permission to do whatever want but to be willing to lay down our own desires and preferences for the sake of our community of believers.

Is Dagon the Source of Mermaids?

Someone asked whether the god Dagon was the source of our modern myth of mermaids. That's a difficult question to answer, because we really do not know a whole lot about Dagon.

The association with fish comes from the similarity with the Hebrew word for fish, dāg. Many writers assumed that this was the derivation of the name Dagon, but really there is no reason to assume this. It is what is called a folk etymology. It comes from medieval commentaries and not from any evidence of the period when Dagon was actually worshiped.

The earliest reference to him is an inscription from Sargon of Akkad, who conquered the ancient cities of Sumer around 2330 BC. Sargon credits Dagon for giving him victory over the cities of Ebla and Mari, in what is today Syria. Several ancient documents refer to the god Baʿal as "the son of Dagon" (KTU2 1.46.3; 1.48.5), but this may be tied more to the way that Baʿal kind of took over the role originally reserved for Dagon.

We do know he was a storm and fertility god. The name may be connected to the Assyrian verb dagana, which means "to be cloudy." Eventually, Dagon came to be identified with grains, particularly the corns of grains. This probably had to do with the similarity of the Hebrew and Canaanite word for grain, dāgān.

So, Dagon really only became associated with the sea because he was associated with rain and agriculture, which then got transferred to the sea at some point, since rain is a terror there.

 

Are People in Other Religions Praying to the Right God?

The short answer to this question is no. The Scriptures are clear that there is only one God, and he tolerates no rivals.

Now, the long answer is a little more complex and nuanced than that. At the same time, the Scriptures also offer us glimpses into moments when people pray to their own false gods or pray to the true God without knowing who he is, and God answers.

In Acts 17:22-33, the Apostle Paul preaches an entire sermon about an altar in Athens that had been set up to the "unknown god." He declares, "What therefore you worship as unknown, this I proclaim to you." (Acts 17:24) Paul seemed to believe that sometimes - not always - even pagans could be praying to the one true God. Even in their delusion, they could be addressing their prayers to him.

One of the more beautiful depictions of this is found in C.S. Lewis's novel The Last Battle. In the book, Lewis depicts the end of the world and the heroes of the story encounter a servant of the false god Tash in what amounts to the book's version of heaven. They ask the soldier to tell his story, and he relates his encounter with Aslan - the Jesus figure of the book who appears as a massive lion.

"But the Glorious One [Aslan] bent down his golden head and touched my forehead with his tongue and said, "Son, thou art welcome."

But I said, "Alas, Lord, I am no son of thine but the servant of Tash."

He answered, "Child, all the service thou hast done to Tash, I account as service done to me."

Then by reasons of my great desire for wisdom and understanding, I overcame my fear and questioned the Glorious One and said, "Lord, is it then true, as the Ape said, that thou and Tash are one?"

The Lion growled so that the earth shook (but his wrath was not against me) and said, "It is false. Not because he and I are one, but because we are opposites, I take to me the services which thou hast done to him. For I and he are of such different kinds that no service which is vile can be done to me, and none which is not vile can be done to him. Therefore if any man swear by Tash and keep his oath for the oath’s sake, it is by me that he has truly sworn, though he know it not, and it is I who reward him.

"And if any man do a cruelty in my name, then, though he says the name Aslan, it is Tash whom he serves and by Tash his deed is accepted. Dost thou understand, Child? I said, Lord, thou knowest how much I understand. But I said also (for the truth constrained me), Yet I have been seeking Tash all my days. Beloved, said the Glorious One, unless thy desire had been for me thou wouldst not have sought so long and so truly. For all find what they truly seek."

How Do the Witnesses Deal with Colossians 1?

The New World Translation (NWT) does not really alter the passage in Colossians 1:15-17.

He is the image of the invisible God, the firstborn of all creation; because by means of him all other things were created in the heavens and on the earth, the things visible and the things invisible, whether they are thrones or lordships or governments or authorities. All other things have been created through him and for him. Also, he is before all other things, and by means of him all other things were made to exist.

The Jehovah's Witnesses have no issue with referring to Jesus (the Son) as an image of God or as the creator. They believe that Jesus is divine, but reject the idea that he is co-equal and co-eternal with God. They make him another entity, and go to great lengths to do so - pointing out that the Greek in John 1:1 does not include the definite article the, and so should read, "The word was a god."

 

 

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